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Resumo Políticas de promoção da saúde em diversos países propõem a prática de atividade física em suas diretrizes. Avaliar os resultados dessas intervenções, ao mesmo tempo em que se constitui em importante apoio às decisões, pode ser desafiador. Para este estudo, utilizou-se uma avaliação baseada na teoria, a análise da contribuição. Foi explicitada a cadeia de resultados da intervenção e a teoria da mudança (TM), para analisar os elementos relacionados à sustentabilidade dos resultados do Programa Academia da Cidade (PAC) do município de Recife-PE, entre 2002 e 2016. Para validação da TM, procedeu-se a entrevistas com dez informantes-chave e realização de quatro grupos focais de junho a agosto de 2016. O teste da TM deu-se pela integração dos dados qualitativos produzidos, assim como a revisão de documentos provenientes da literatura e documentos oficiais e técnicos. Empregou-se a análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados indicaram que a maior parte dos pressupostos foi confirmada na presença de outros fatores de influência (contextuais e explicações rivais). A testagem da TM revelou plausabilidade e validade da teoria do programa, permitindo concluir que a sustentabilidade de fatores estruturantes para o PAC contribuiu na manutenção dos resultados esperados, apesar da instabilidade ocorrida entre os anos de 2012 e 2016.
Abstract Health promotion policies in several countries propose the practice of physical activity in their guidelines. Assessing the results of these interventions, while providing important decision support, can be challenging. For this study, a theory-drive-evaluation was used, analysis of the contribution. The intervention results chain, the theory of change (ToC), was explained to analyze the elements related to the sustainability of the results of a program called Academia da Cidade (PAC), from 2002 to 2016. For ToC validation, interviews with ten key informants were carried out, and four focus groups were held from June to August 2016. The ToC test was carried out by integrating the qualitative data produced, as well as by performing a literature review and the review of official and technical documents. Thematic content analysis was used. The results indicated that most of the assumptions were confirmed in the presence of other influencing factors (contextual and rival explanations). ToC testing revealed the plausibility and validity of the program's theory, allowing us to conclude that the sustainability of PAC structuring factors contributed to the maintenance of the expected outcomes, despite the instability that occurred from 2012 to 2016.
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Health Evaluation , Health Programs and Plans , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Brazil , Exercise , Diet, HealthyABSTRACT
Purpose: With improving survival of preterm neonates, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is emerging as a major cause of childhood blindness. Incidence of sight-threatening ROP can be reduced by improving the quality of care provided to preterm neonates. Methods: This before-and-after study was designed to develop a need-based intervention package to improve knowledge, skills, and practices of those providing care for preterm neonates, and to evaluate the effectiveness of this package when combined with point-of-care quality improvement (POCQI) in improving survival of preterm neonates without sight-threatening ROP. The study had a formative component to assess baseline knowledge, skills, practices and attitudes, and to assess the needs of the healthcare staff to improve the care of preterm neonates. It was conducted in four special care neonatal units (SCNU) in the state of Madhya Pradesh in India. Results: A theory of change was developed to guide the development of study tools including needs assessment and educational package development. The educational package thus developed has been tested at the study sites in combination with POCQI projects driven by local teams of healthcare providers. The effectiveness of the interventions has been evaluated by collection of individual-level data on neonates admitted at the study sites. Conclusion: A multidimensional educational package integrated with system changes in the form of quality improvement (QI) endeavours driven by local context and needs were developed and evaluated in the project.
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Resumen Introducción La Diabetes tipo 2 es la enfermedad endocrina más frecuente y una de las principales causas de morbi-mortalidad en nuestros días. Es una enfermedad compleja que requiere de un tratamiento integral, que implica cambios en el estilo de vida del paciente. Para el abordaje de este fenómeno se toma el modelo transteorético desarrollado por James O. Prochaska, el cual propone que las personas hagan cambios en etapas y que se muevan, en forma secuencial, a través de estadios mientras experimentan diferentes procesos de cambio. Objetivo Determinar el estadio y balance decisional de cambio de conducta en personas que viven con diabetes y criterios para insulinoterapia, que acuden a control al Centro de Salud de Ekmul, Yucatán, con base en el modelo transteorético y con enfoque cualitativo. Materiales y Métodos Se seleccionó cinco pacientes que contaban con criterios para insulinoterapia, pero renuentes. Se utilizaron como instrumentos los cuestionarios de datos generales y de etapas de cambio, un árbol de problemas y un diagrama causa-efecto. Resultados Cinco pacientes realizaron las actividades planteadas, identificándose tres (60%) en el estadio de precontemplación y dos (40%) en contemplación. Con el gráfico causa-efecto se obtuvieron en total 16 aseveraciones con respecto al uso de la insulina, 10 (62.5%) en contra y seis (37.5%) a favor. Conclusiones El balance decisional dentro de las etapas identificadas otorga un mayor peso a las desventajas del uso de insulina generando una oposición a un cambio conductual a corto plazo. La desinformación de la fisiología elemental de la enfermedad ocasiona que se adjudiquen falsos conceptos al uso de la insulina, lo que además es propiciado por los factores psicológicos, como el temor a lo desconocido, y sociales, como el estigma ya generado por los falsos conceptos. Esto forma un círculo vicioso que impide el inicio oportuno de la terapia con insulina.
Abstract Introduction Type II diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality of our days. It is a complex disease which requires an integral approach. Objective To determine the behavioral stage and the decisional balance of change of conduct in patients with type II diabetes who fulfill the insulin therapy criteria by using the transtheoretical model with a qualitative focus at Ekmul, Health Center in Yucatan Materials and Methods Eight patients, with dual oral hypoglycemic drug therapy, at a maximum dose and with no glycemic control, were chosen with a convenience sampling. In order to obtain Personal information and to know the stages of change we used questionnaires along with a cause-effect diagram and a problem tree. Results Five women completed the proposed activities, three (60%) of them where identified in the pre-contemplation stage and two in the contemplation stage. A total of 16 answers from the cause-effect diagram, related to insulin usage, showed that ten (62.5%) is against it and six (37.5%) in favor of it. Conclusions The decisional balance within the identified stages gives greater weight to the disadvantages of insulin therapy which generates resistance to short-term behavioral change. The misinformation of the elemental physiology of the disease causes false concepts of the insulin usage which is reinforced by psychological factors, such as the fear of the unknown and the social stigma. These contribute to form a vicious circle that prevents the timely initiation of insulin therapy.
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The Theory of Change holds that the change in a project ’ s effectiveness can be derived from the changing process in the certain context .Only after analyzing changes caused by a project and the possible changing path or hypothesis can we determine the real cause of an effect .In 2012, the maternal, child and community health department of the former Ministry of Health began a comprehensive intervention project for children ’ s health in Nu-jiang Prefecture .The project was designed to explore modes and mechanisms for improving children ’ s health in the west, poverty and ethnic minority areas through cooperation at the national , provincial, and prefecture levels.Based on the Theory of Change , this article describes the logical framework of the comprehensive intervention project .In or-der to lay the foundation for improving the project design , ensuring the implementation of the project and conducting the follow-up monitoring and evaluation , we also expound the goals , implementation strategies , and intervention measures, project activities and output , implementation routes .